1. enrich 2. enrichment 3. had invented 4. inventions
5. achievements 6. scientific 7. cultural 8. improvement (=development) 9. responsibility 10. devoted (dedicated) 11. inventive 12. scientific 13. improved
Task 3 (p.27)
The Aztec civilization disintegrated as a result of the Spanish conquest. The Spanish conquistador Hernan Ferdinand Cortés (1485-1547) dispossessed the Aztecs of their wealth and depopulated the major Aztec cities.
Historians disagree on the real causes of the fall of Maya (also Mayan) civilization. Some of them say that its disintegration was due to the spread of epidemics. But other disapprove by arguing that it came as a result of the deregulation of the climate and domestic dissatisfaction and discontent.
Task 4 (p.27)
Some of the words which can carry prefixes dis- or de- are :
disappoint, disagree, dissatisfaction, decentralize, demilitarize …
Task 5 (p.27)
well-informed - well-known – well-established - well-kept – well-refined – well-founded – well-balanced – well-preserved – well-supported – well-documented – well-appreciated
1. well-refined 2. well-preserved/kept - 3. well-documented
4. well-informed 5. well-appreciated
Task 1 (p.28)
Jean François Champollion le Jeune (1790-1832) studied Egyptian hieroglyphics. At the beginning he thought that he could decipher this system of writing by using the Coptic language from which he believed Ancient Egyptian developed. But he was proved to be terribly wrong. When he realized that he was just lying to himself, he stopped trying to decipher the hieroglyphics with the help of the Coptic language and turned to the study of the hieroglyphics as an independent system of writing. The study of the Rosetta Stone, a slab of basalt with inscriptions dating from 197 BC permitted him to discover the mysteries of the hieroglyphic system of writing in 1824. Champollion enjoyed great popularity among his contemporaries. Today he is considered the founder of Egyptology.
Task 2 (p.28)
Studied, permitted /id/
Developed, stopped/t/
Proved, realized, turned, considered, believed /d/
Task 3 (p.28)
Aim: Sound-spelling links (pronunciation of the letters ch)
-Archives, architect, architecture, archipelago, alchemy, archaic, archetype, epoch, archaelogy, Archemides, archangel /k/
-Church, coach, archer, archway, archduke, artichoke /t©/
Task 4 (p.28)
Follow the instruction. Ask your students to give other examples.
Think, pair, share (p.30)
Study the closely the model essay below and make the best use of it in preparation for the exercise.
There are three major threats to our civilisation, which can lead to the destruction of mankind. We have first nuclear energy, which has been a constant liability ever since the explosion of atomic bombs in 1945; there is also pollution, a major cause for concern with the massive and noxious increase in industrial activities and mechanisation; finally, climate change constitutes another threat, as an outcome of the first two mentioned problems.
The escalation of nuclear weaponry since World War Two has exposed humanity to a nuclear war that would not compare at all with Hiroshima and Nagasaki, since it could wipe out life on earth many times over. The Cold War was a period of tension between the two most heavily equipped nations in terms of nuclear warheads, the USA and the USSR. The Détente that came after did not suppress all worries, since other countries have the bomb, and could use it any time.
There are also indirect consequences to owning nuclear energy. Indeed, a lethal form of pollution can originate from it if accidents in nuclear power plants occur. But apparently less dangerous forms of pollution, generated by an ever- increasing industrialisation, can also cause severe illnesses and deaths. We can think of all the chemicals dumped by factories underground, or in rivers and seas, or of the enormous amounts of smoke emitted
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